Introduction: In medical history of different nations, there are numerous documents concerning cancer. The present study is an investigation in ancient books to determine the part that Iranian medicine has played in the recognition of cancer. Methods: 30 Iranian medical books mostly from 3rd to 13th centuries A.H. in a library search study were examined.

Results: The findings showed that cancer in ancient medical books of Iran has been categorized under "swellings" and classified as "solid tumor" and "cold swelling". Like other diseases, the etiology of cancer has been related to four humours. Also the role of nutrition in cancer development has not been neglected. Concerning clinical manifestations, it has been discussed that cancer in early stages lacks clinical manifestations but with its progression gradually its symptoms and signs appear. Cancer was found to be more common in women and the most common organs involved were indicated as breast and uterus in women and pharynx, larynx, gut and genitalia in men. Cancer outbreak was reported in autumn. To differentiate cancer from other swellings, it has been recommended that all swellings must be viewed using clinical and physical examination. Concerning the prognosis of cancer, there was an agreement on its poor prognosis but some factors were considered important. Concerning the treatment of cancer, it was believed that although there is no complete cure, the treatment of cancer (medical management, surgery, diet) should be considered in its early stages.

Conclusion: The findings from this study indicate that in ancient Iranian medical books cancer has been thoroughly investigated from different perspectives some of which still have maintained their scientific merits.

Hakim Research Journal 2006 9(2): 31-38.