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Introduction: Foot and knee deformities are among common complaints of patients referred to the orthopedic centers. Most of naturally occurring lower limb deformities in children, which are rather common, would be corrected with further normal growth. However, a small percentage of these problems remain unresolved and may cause complications in the future.

Methods: The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the prevalence of foot and knee deformities (such as, genovarus, genovalgus, flat foot, …) among one thousand female high-school students in of Tehran District No.5. Also relationships of deformities with age, familial and personal history and severity of clinical symptoms were studied. To indicate the severity of symptoms of genovarus and genovalgus, bilateral medial femorocondylar distance and bimalleolar distance were measured respectively. Severity of hallux valgus was determined by measuring the angle formed by medial border of foot and medial border of great toe. Also clinical observance of patient's sole while standing was used to evaluate whether the patient had the pescavus or flat foot.

Results: 30.4% of the studid subjects had knee abnormalities, of which 27.5% were classified as genovarus and 2.9% as genovalgus. 11.2% suffered from foot anomalies, of which 0.2% had pescavus and 11% had flat foot. Prevalence of hallux valgus was 12.7%. Meaningful relationships were observed between foot and knee deformities and other variables such as age, birth order and severity of clinical symptoms. There was a significant association between foot deformities and familial or personal history. No significant association was detected between knee deformities and familial or personal history.

Conclusion: These findings point to the importance of proper physical examination, early diagnosis and on-time treatment of foot and knee deformities in children.

Hakim Research Journal 20069(2):18- 23.

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Please cite this article as follows: Arta T, Radmanesh R, Seyedifar M. Assessing the impact of restriction imports on sales of domestic pharmaceutical products. Hakim Health Sys Res. 2020; 23(1): 33-45.

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Astract:

Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on drug exports in Iran Non-oil exports in Iran are a key element for economic growth.
Methods:in Iran by longitudinal studies from 2003 to 1397. The statistical population of the present study is pharmaceutical companies active in the field of export, which is based on data Official information and reports were selected and the sample included time series data from 2003 to 1397. To analyze the data and estimate the real exchange rate uncertainty index, the generalized conditional heterogeneous variance self-regression econometric method (GARCH-M) is used to estimate the parameters and evaluate the effects of macroeconomic variables on Non-oil exports GMM econometric technique was used using EVIEWS econometric software.
Results:This study showed that non-oil exports in the Iranian economy is a key variable because its prosperity is a sign of the existence and continuity of competitiveness of the country’s economy, but the performance of non-oil exports in industries such as pharmacy and its trend in Iran has not been favorable.
Conclusion: Based on the results, non-oil exports are a key variable in Iran’s economy because its prosperity is a sign of the existence and continuity of the country’s economy and the government itself for continuous growth. And it is the competitiveness of the economy and the performance of non-oil exports and its trend in Iran has not been favorable. Although the massive import of goods and services into the country over the past years has been continuously financed through revenues from oil exports, the slowness of non-oil exports is hampering both productivity growth and meeting foreign exchange needs in the future.


Please cite this article as follows:
Sasanipour M, Khosravi A. Investigating the contribution of avoidable deaths in improving life expectancy in Iran during 2006-2016. Hakim Health Sys Res. 2020; 23(4):385-394.